Balance Redox Reaction Example Problem

Balance Redox Reaction Example Problem When balancing redox reactions, the overall electronic charge must be balanced in addition to the usual molar ratios of the component reactants and products. This example problem illustrates how to use the half-reaction method to balance a redox reaction in a solution. Question Balance the following redox reaction in an acidic solution: Cu(s) HNO3(aq) → Cu2(aq) NO(g) Solution Step 1: Identify what is being oxidized and what is being reduced. To identify which atoms are being reduced or oxidized, assign oxidation states to each atom of the reaction. For review: Rules for Assigning Oxidation StatesAssigning Oxidation States Example ProblemOxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem Cu(s): Cu 0HNO3: H 1, N 5, O -6Cu2: Cu 2NO(g): N 2, O -2 Cu went from oxidation state 0 to 2, losing two electrons. Copper is oxidized by this reaction.N went from oxidation state 5 to 2, gaining three electrons. Nitrogen is reduced by this reaction. Step 2: Break the reaction into two half-reactions: oxidation and reduction. Oxidation: Cu → Cu2 Reduction: HNO3 → NO Step 3: Balance each half-reaction by both stoichiometry and electronic charge. This is accomplished by adding substances to the reaction. The only rule is that the only substances you can add must already be in the solution. These include water (H2O), H ions (in acidic solutions), OH- ions (in basic solutions) and electrons. Start with the oxidation half-reaction: The half-reaction is already balanced atomically. To balance electronically, two electrons must be added to the product side. Cu → Cu2 2 e- Now, balance the reduction reaction. This reaction requires more work. The first step is to balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen. HNO3 → NO There is only one nitrogen atom on both sides, so nitrogen is already balanced. The second step is to balance the oxygen atoms. This is done by adding water to the side that needs more oxygen. In this case, the reactant side has three oxygens and the product side has only one oxygen. Add two water molecules to the product side. HNO3 → NO 2 H2O The third step is to balance the hydrogen atoms. This is accomplished by adding H ions to the side that needs more hydrogen. The reactant side has one hydrogen atom while the product side has four. Add 3 H ions to the reactant side. HNO3 3 H → NO 2 H2O The equation is balanced atomically, but not electrically. The final step is to balance the charge by adding electrons to the more positive side of the reaction. One the reactant side, the overall charge is 3, while the product side is neutral. To counteract the 3 charge, add three electrons to the reactant side. HNO3 3 H 3 e- → NO 2 H2O Now the reduction half-equation is balanced. Step 4: Equalize the electron transfer. In redox reactions, the number of electrons gained must equal the number of electrons lost. To accomplish this, each reaction is multiplied by whole numbers to contain the same number of electrons. The oxidation half-reaction has two electrons while the reduction half-reaction has three electrons. The lowest common denominator between them is six electrons. Multiply the oxidation half-reaction by 3 and the reduction half-reaction by 2. 3 Cu → 3 Cu2 6 e-2 HNO3 6 H 6 e- → 2 NO 4 H2O Step 5: Recombine the half-reactions. This is accomplished by adding the two reactions together. Once they are added, cancel out anything that appears on both sides of the reaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Cu → 3 Cu2 6 e- 2 HNO3 6 H 6 e- → 2 NO 4 H2O 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6H 6 e- → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O 6 e- Both sides have six electrons that can be canceled. 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O The complete redox reaction is now balanced. Answer 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O To summarize: Identify the oxidation and reduction components of the reaction.Separate the reaction into the oxidation half-reaction and reduction half-reaction.Balance each half-reaction both atomically and electronically.Equalize the electron transfer between oxidation and reduction half-equations.Recombine the half-reactions to form the complete redox reaction.

The eNotes Blog The Magic of MarquezRemains

The Magic of MarquezRemains Many of you have probably already read the sad news this week that celebrated Colombian author Gabriel Garcia Marquez is suffering from dementia. At the age of 85, it is apparent that the Nobel Prize winner’s career is for all intensive purposes at an end. The accounts of this news have already lamented that his memoirs will likely remain unfinished, and noted the sad foreshadowing laid out by the opening of One Hundred Years of Solitude (the novel deals with a family struggling to care for its patriarch, also suffering from dementia), so I will not comment anymore on that. Instead, I decided to take a look back at an old interview with the author at the height of his magical realist powers. What I found was a conversation printed in a 1981 edition of The Paris Review, just before Garcia Marquez won the Nobel Prize. In it, I was surprised to read the writer’s perception of the role reality takes in his work, and the influence journalism has had on his career in fiction. The author even comments on what it would be like to win the Nobel Prize (â€Å"a catastrophe†amusing, given that he won it less than a year later) and details his plans for the future. In all, the interview reminds us that Gabriel Garcia Marquez and his work are still very much with us. He may never write another word, but the magic of his work will always remainready to be discovered anew, as I found hereand that is what I choose to remember now in the face of this sad news. Below are some interesting excerpts from the authors conversation with The Paris Review. On how he began writing: One night a friend lent me a book of short stories by Franz Kafka. I went back to the pension where I was staying and began to read  The Metamorphosis. The first line almost knocked me off the bed. I was so surprised. The first line reads, â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke that morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. . . .† When I read the line I thought to myself that I didn’t know anyone was allowed to write things like that. If I had known, I would have started writing a long time ago. So I immediately started writing short stories. How he developed the writing style of magical realism by way of his grandmother’s storytelling: What was most important was the expression she had on her face. She did not change her expression at all when telling her stories, and everyone was surprised. In previous attempts to write  One Hundred Years of Solitude, I tried to tell the story without believing in it. I discovered that what I had to do was believe in them myself and write them with the same expression with which my grandmother told them: with a brick face. On the surprisingly close relationship he believed his work shared with reality and journalism: In journalism just one fact that is false prejudices the entire work. In contrast, in fiction one single fact that is true gives legitimacy to the entire work. That’s the only difference, and it lies in the commitment of the writer. A novelist can do anything he wants so long as he makes people believe in it†¦ Pablo Neruda has a line in a poem that says â€Å"God help me from inventing when I sing.† It always amuses me that the biggest praise for my work comes for the imagination, while the truth is that there’s not a single line in all my work that does not have a basis in reality. The problem is that Caribbean reality resembles the wildest imagination. †¦ many people believe that I’m a writer of fantastic fiction, when actually I’m a very realistic person and write what I believe is the true socialist realism. When asked about his ambitions and regrets, he responds: I was asked the other day if I would be interested in the Nobel Prize, but I think that for me it would be an absolute catastrophe. I would certainly be interested in deserving it, but to receive it would be terrible. It would just complicate even more the problems of fame. The only thing I really regret in life is not having a daughter. Looking towards the future: I’m absolutely convinced that I’m going to write the greatest book of my life, but I don’t know which one it will be or when. When I feel something like this- which I have been feeling now for a while- I stay very quiet, so that if it passes by I can capture it.

Final Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Exam - Research Paper Example On the other hand, bblowfish is a symmetric block cipher and operates in 64-bit block size and a variable key length - from 32 bits to 448bits with 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes. Moreover it encrypts data on a 32-bit processor at the rate of 18 clock cycles/byte and can run in less than 5K of memory. It is easy to implement The algorithm used in RC4 initialization phase is a key scheduling algorithm(KSA). This algorithm takes the secret key K of length l as the input and begins with the initialization of the internal state S to set it as identity permutation and then uses the key K to generate a random permutation. Thus the algorithm can be summed up as Upon initialization, the internal state S would be [0 1 2 3 †¦ N-1]. During the next step, the value of j is calculated as j = (j + S[i] + K[i mod l]) mod N. Upon swapping value in S[i] becomes value in S[j] and vice versa. From this, it is clear that, only way to keep the initial permutation state unchanged is to keep the value of i and j equal. In order to do that, the value of k should be chosen in such a way that, whenever j is calculated using this formula, it always needs to be equal to the value of i. Upon investing the formula, if we make the values within the bracket i.e j = (j + S[i] + K[i mod l]) mod N equal to N+ i, then upon Mod the result will be equal to i. Upon analysis, we can say(in this case): j+i+K[i], since the value of j depends on itself which in turn depends on the previous value of S[i] (=i) we can say that j will increment to a minimum value of i+(i-1) (Except for i=0) for each iteration. Hence 2i-1+K = N+i. Assuming N =256, we can say K should be equal to 257-i except for i=0, in which case it can be either 256 or 0 to achieve the desired result. Now K takes: Answer: It is not possible to perform encryption operations in parallel on multiple blocks of plaintext in DES CBC mode because in

David Lindsay-Abaire's Rabbit Hole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

David Lindsay-Abaire's Rabbit Hole - Essay Example Even though Lindsay-Abaire foregrounds the intensity of Becca and Howie’s loss, he strongly puts forward the necessity to overcome their mourning in order to survive and appreciate life. Through the plot, the characterization, the setting and the theme, the audience perceives that Lindsay-Abaire encourages people not to let grief destroy their lives. The plot turns around the interaction between the main characters, but it especially points out the effects Danny’s tragic death has on his parents, Becca and Howie, and even on other members of the family. Killed in a tragic accident, Danny’s death causes much grief to the family and has a negative effect on the relationship between the members, especially between Becca and Howie. Even though both parents deeply suffer from the loss, each of them has a different way to express his/ her bereavement. The following statement informs: â€Å"With sly judiciousness, Lindsay-Abaire layers fragments from each segment of th eir years together into the story, letting us learn by indirection about the accident, the family's life before it, the couple's shattered condition now† (Feingold). In fact, it is through the characters’ interaction that the audience learns about the mourning and evaluates the impact the grief has on their everyday life. Becca is so involved with mourning the loss of her son that she cannot fully enjoy the fact that her sister Izzy is going to have a baby whereas she lost her child. Moreover, her relationship with her husband is even more estranged since they have stopped having sexual relations. Becca’s bereavement for her son does not even allow her to have sex because she will not let any moment of joy interfere with her grief. She even fails to feel some empathy for her mother, Nat, who also lost a son. She feels her pain is unique and cannot be compared to any other loss. Even though Howie is also suffering, he handles his mourning more decently. Lindsay-Ab aire chooses a very specific characterization which reveals the destruction that Becca and Howie’s grief causes to their relationship, and he advocates an imminent need for change. All the main characters in the play feel the impact of the mourning on themselves and on their relationships with the others. Becca used to be a very strong professional woman and a mother until the fatal accident that took her son rendered her psychologically vulnerable. Commenting about her, this author states â€Å"Becca is an enlightened woman whose coping mechanisms clearly are being tested to their limits. We learn she was successful in her former job but that motherhood redefined her as a person, leaving her now feeling rootless, purposeless and empty† (Rooney). She feels a deep grief that impacts everything in her life, including her relationship with her husband who is very caring and tries to dissimilate his loss by watching Danny’s videos. Despite his own bereavement, Howie finds the strength to console his wife and suggests a therapist to help her out. However, his sadness comes out during their arguments leading him to accuse Becca of attempting to erase any sign of Danny. Referring to the tension within the couple James MacKillop argues:

Animal Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Animal Rights - Research Paper Example Another group argues that the criterion of having rationality and consciousness should not be the sole basis against animal-testing; rather the fact that every animal suffers from pain is strong enough to ban animal-testing. Obviously, this contra-animal-testing group fails to perceive that a firm and steadfast opposition against animal-test is as harmful as the view of ‘animal as thing’ is. For example, whereas a scientific experiment on animal could save thousands of man and animals lives, ban on animal-testing may destroy the possibility of living a healthy and disease free life. Therefore, though animals have the rights to live a pain-free life, such rights can be repealed for the sake of the humanity’s betterment. Moreover, any ethical perspective on animal-rights must include human’s interest in animal. Otherwise, any attempt to view animals as self-independent beings and detached from humanity must fail to bring about good for humankind as well as an imal. The origin of the arguments for animal-testing can be traced in Biblical affirmation. The â€Å"Book of Genesis† asserts that Man has a divine right over the animal kingdom. It says that man’s dominion over the animal kingdom is divine, as the â€Å"Book of Genesis† says that God has given Adam dominion over â€Å"the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.† (Francione, 1996, p. 45) Such biblical evidence necessarily infers that man can use animals for his own happiness and comfort. Therefore, if animal-testing can bring something good to humankind, then it is thoroughly permissible. Indeed, the utilitarian perspective seems to dominate the pro-animal-test arguments. The pro-animal-test debaters argue that animals can serve as good specimens for medical experiments. Even some animals such as rats, dogs, frogs and many others are efficient replic as

Information Technology In The Tourism Government

Information Technology In The Tourism Government Involving information and communication technology on a range of modern methods and techniques used to simplify a particular activity and lifting tool, a group gathered the necessary equipment to process information and circulation of computers and software and hardware for saving and retrieving and electronic transport across wired and wireless means of communication in all its forms and different kinds: written, audio and video, which enables two-way communication and teamwork and provide transmission of the message from the sender to the recipient; through closed networks and open; and globalization has allowed information and communication technology to benefit from services a four-Twenty hours (24 h / 7 days), from any point on earth, especially with the spread of electronic financial settlement of transactions on Line. Nowadays technology involves every aspects of life. One of these aspects is tourism. People who work in tourism sector use technology to execute their work. Technology helps to distribute information about different places for tourism. Tourists can gain information from the internet and know the accurate things to decide the best places to visit. Technology makes the work easier related to the tourists need like hiring cars, getting rooms and tickets. It becomes very easy register your information online. Tourists will have more time to enjoy themselves because their information has been already registered online. Tourism use technology to make records about their usual customers to know their favorite food, places and activities to attract them to come again. Briefly this issue will discuss the concept of Information technology in tourism industry and will cover those main points: Concept of information technology. E-Government. Information Technology and Tourism. E-Tourism. The importance of e-tourism and its impact on national economy. Tourism applications. Government internet website Information Technology? Information technology mean possessed the manufacture and storage and dissemination of information by a microelectronics-based computing and communications. When we say Information technology that means, computer programming, internet, computer engineering, and technician and so on. All of that make big change in tourism industry so; the government should use this technology to be number one in this sector. E-Government: The common definition of e-government as a network of computer systems that enable public access to a large number of government services and transactions automated, online or through other electronic letters . The intellectual and political content of the e-government, and historical and cultural context that led to it. The concept e-government integrated mean the effective use of all information and communication technologies in order to facilitate the daily administrative operations of the government sectors. We can say in light of the foregoing that the electronic government in terms of the concept is: the environment where it is information be for all by easy way IT and Tourism: Because the tourism industry is rapidly changing and evolving. It was necessary to use information technology to keep pace with the evolution in the world and is noted on this basis that the tourism market has been affected a lot of this technology over recent years has been known an exponential growth in e-tourism Through the Internet. The countries which used the e-government and considering tourism as one of main economic recourse faces to use technology in this sector and this helped to appearance of the concept of E-Tourism. E-Tourism: Appeared a few years ago the concept of e-tourism, and dealt with many international organizations of different applications and their impact on increasing tourism growth, especially in least developed countries, which constitute the tourism revenues, a large proportion of GDP. Has contributed to further spread the concept and applications of various factors such as high proportion of the contribution of e-tourism in the total international e-commerce, and the resulting integration of this concept in the institutional structures of the bodies involved in tourism from the reduction in the cost of tourism services provided and thus prices, and the development of tourist product submitted in the development of new touristic activities consistent with the different segments of tourists, as well as increasing the competitiveness of tourism enterprises, and the consequent increase in the value added of the tourism sector in the national economy. We can say the e-tourism is Pattern of tourist transactions are executed through the use of information and communication technology. The importance of e-tourism and its impact on national economy The importance of e-tourism, which provided huge benefits for both providers of tourism services for tourists or tourists themselves , which contribute to overcome traditional barriers in the typical tourist transactions, and most important of these benefits : 1. Facilitate the provision of information, which depends on tourism industry. When we use the technology it is will be easy to get information about tourism destination. 2. Reduce the cost of tourism services provided. Because the services provided online with lees price and time . 3. Ease of product development, tourism and the emergence of new tourism activities in accordance with the different segments of tourists. That happen when we use the technology to know what tourists need and what his her opinion about certain destination. 4. Increase the competitiveness of tourism enterprises. That depends for how we use the Information technology in our work . All of that helped to increase the benefit of tourism in national income so; the use of information technology is strategic choice and necessary. Tourism applications: Before tock about tourism applications in IT sector we should know who use the IT. In general we can divide them to four groups which are: Tourists:, Travel agents. Service providers.. Tourism offices. In tourism we use information technology in airlines, hotels, car rent, Tourism offices and travel agencies. The government use information technology in several way s for example, marketing research, promotional plan and exchange the information between the countries and so on. Also the government use computers, Mobil phones, and satellites to control and administration the staff and the process in easy ways. Government Internet Website It is the biggest and useful part of information technology and the government use it to promotional the country and market it in good ways. This website provides all information for all and it easy to access and get what you want about the country so, that will be increase the number of visitor. Moreover the government uses the internet to provide direct services like, reservation, tickets and other things. Conclusion: In conclusion, I can say the information technology effect the tourism industry in different ways and change day by day. Also the exact impacts are far from clear, the future of e-tourism. In the end of this report we can see the important of information technology in tourism sector and who it is affect it. In my opinion the information technology becomes the important issue and I have the right to say no live without information technology.

Great Britain :: History

Great Britain Great Britain is made up of three countries, England, Scotland and Wales. It is an island off the coast of north ­west of Europe. Britain is part of the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital is London. Relief There are many different landscapes in Britain, from high mountains to rolling hill sand valleys. Places like Wales, the Lake District and northwest Scotland have high mountains and steep slopes made out of solid rocks. This landscape was made millions of years ago during the ice ages, when moving glaciers of ice made deep valleys, steep mountain slopes and long lakes. The southern and eastern parts of Britain are made up of smaller rocks that have weathered and become fertile farmland. The highest point is Ben Nevis  ­ 1343 metres above sea level and the lowest point is Holme Fen  ­ 3 metres below sea level. The population is 57,970,200 people, the population density at 239 people per square km. 92% of British people live in urban areas while only 8% live in rural areas. Great Britain is completely surrounded by sea, isolating it from the rest of Europe. No part of Britain is far from the sea, which is an important resource for fishing, tourism and ports. Britain’s rivers provide drinking water for towns, and irrigate farmers’ crops. However rivers can cause floods. England The northern and western portions are mountainous. The highlands - the Pennine Chain, forms the backbone of northern England. Rolling plains occupy most of central and eastern England. The western part of the central region is known as the Midlands. To the east lies The Fens, a marsh area. To the south, an elevated plateau slopes upward. Scotland The terrain of Scotland is mountainous but is divided into three regions, from north to south: the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The Highlands occupy more than a half of Scotland, the most rugged region on the island of Great Britain. Wales Wales has an irregular coastline and many bays; the biggest is Cardigan Bay. Except for narrow and low coastal areas, mainly in the south and west, Wales is mostly mountainous. Area England  ­ 130,439km2 Scotland  ­ 78,772km2 Wales  ­ 20,768km2 Total  ­ 229,979km2 Climate Great Britain has quite cool summers and mild winters. The weather changes from day to day. The climate is temperate  ­ the country does not have long periods when it is hot or cold.